ABSTRACT
The development of a cryptocurrency cannot occur without the use of a vital piece of technology known as blockchain. It is a distributed ledger that has progressed to the point where they are now even more applicable and beneficial. This is due to the passage of time and the development of many sectors. These days, blockchain technology is being employed in certain ways throughout all the industries. In this study, each and every significant attribute and weakness is discussed and analyzed. We have also conducted a literature analysis on blockchain-related topics and highlighted some of the most current sectors in which blockchain technology has found the greatest utility. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
Blockchain based microgrid mechanisms can be designed efficiently to provide uninterrupted power supply and to balance load demands dynamically. In this present work, a conceptual design of a microgrid system is proposed in power system modeling. A blockchain based trading mechanism has been implemented on this system. Various optimization algorithms have been used to maximize economic profit. Finally, the Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer (CHIO) algorithm is described to accommodate the impression that arises for the optimal power flow (OPF) and energy capacity. A case study has been provided to authenticate the performance of this method. The result expresses that the present scheme can largely improve the power dispatch and trading system. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
The Covid-19 pandemic has exposed societal underbelly in its inadequate institutional, infrastructural, and legal regimes to promote continuous international trade policies in the midst of external disruptions. International trade forms part of global events that promotes cross-border socio-political developmental growth, which discourages arms conflict among nations. Political stability of nation states and international trade among nations intersect inevitably in contemporary times. However, the transactional processes of international trade rely on alternative dispute resolutions (ADR) as one of its imbedded features to resolve disputes within commercial transactions. The ADR are in various forms like arbitration, mediation and negotiation. Contract law and policy principally powers the ADR system. The traditional contract model of consensus ad idem, where parties bargain within their physical presence until a resolution or settlement of the dispute is achieved has become inadequate in the digital era. Covid-19 has made such physical and in-person bargaining impossible because of its fatal nature. This paper seeks to analyze the significance of adapting the preexisting and recognized digital era contract doctrines like wrap, smart and other types of contract of adhesion in the ADR ecosystem. Currently, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia does not have specific legal regimes that recognizes the digital era transactional formations. For example, contemporary contract now becomes enforceable with just a click of the mouse or a finger-touch on the digital surface of a device or mere browsing of a website when visiting such site. In some cases, within a blockchain system a transactional activity is recorded and becomes difficult to change after parties have agreed to be bound digitally. The paper will conclude by setting out prescriptions that Saudi Arabian Law Schools should conceptualize its curriculum to adapt to the evolving digital era transactional jurisprudence and promote the updating of the laws of the Kingdom to reflect the current realities. © 2022 Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Due to the covid-19 pandemic, people have moved toward digitization and using digital technologies in their daily life. For instance, photographers and artists use social media platforms or stock photo websites to showcase their art to people to get recognition and credit. Since social media platforms attract people more than stock photo websites, we consider incorporating the stock photo website features into the social media platforms. Currently, such platforms are running in a centralized fashion where their proprietary algorithms mask most of the content to which some users and advertisement posts are given more priority. Due to the centralization, such hidden algorithms create trust issues among the users along with other issues such as single point of failure, identity theft, etc. This causes genuine artists and photographers to lose their interest and motivation. Providing due credit to the authors and deserved recognition are significant concerns for photographers who share images on stock photo websites or social media platforms. In this paper, we propose a decentralized image-sharing platform/application utilizing blockchain and a distributed file storage system to address all these issues. The proposed platform leverages Ethereum-based smart contracts to maintain trust as deployed smart contracts are immutable, and the logic written in them is publicly available. We leverage a distributed file storage system to solve the blockchain scalability issue in terms of storage. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
More than 6 million people have lost their lives due to COVID-19 across the world (Ghatkopar in Fake negative COVID-19 certificate scam unearthed, 2019, [2];WHO (World Health Organization) in https://covid19.who.int/table, [3]). Recently, fake COVID-19 test certificate scams have spiked up drastically and become one of the reasons for the spread of COVID-19. In light of the current scenario, this paper proposes a decentralized approach called, "D-Test” for COVID-19 testing which allows the hospital and the general public to register themselves at a common platform which follows the concept of CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) and allows users to register without any fear of data breach. This platform registers users based on smart contract and enables the user to do the following once registered successfully: (a) Book Testing Slot, (b) Find nearby registered testing laboratories, and c) Generate the COVID-19 reports which could be imported and exported as and when required by the user. This has a higher value of trust because the source of the report can be traced back since usage of Blockchain prevents the likelihood of data tampering by an entity. This framework could help the government(s) keep track of distributing authentic COVID-19 testing certificates, prevent the fake COVID-19 testing certificate scams, and will speed up the process of verifying the users' test reports, thereby saving lives of many citizens around the world. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
After the economic crisis of 2008, the need for solutions that introduce alternative forms of cooperation between economic actors increased greatly. At the same time, concerns for the environment have intensified, and the integration of environmental considerations in economic activities has become increasingly important. As a response, peer-to-peer economy and peer-to-peer payment systems, among other things, have emerged. Compared with previous economic crises, the COVID-19 pandemic has posed new challenges for everyone, which could lead to the intensification of alternative path-finding processes. The ecological problems the we face mean that the aim should be to go beyond the restoration of previous economic mechanisms prioritising ecological sustainability. In this study, the authors' aim was to present the elements of a novel solution concept that is based on the hypothesis that a digital community currency created through smart contracts can promote genuine practices of sharing as opposed to the currently operating platforms' profit-oriented approach. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] A 2008-as gazdasági válságot követően megnőtt az érdeklődés az olyan üzleti modellek iránt, amelyek a szereplők közötti együttműködés alternatív formáit biztosítják. Ezzel egyidejűleg a környezetszennyezéssel kapcsolatos aggodalmak is felerősödtek és a környezeti szempontok gazdasági tevékenységekbe történő integrálása egyre fontosabbá vált. Erre válaszul jelentek meg többek között a közösségi gazdasági és a peer-to-peer fizetési rendszerek. A COVID-19 világjárvány hatásai a korábbi gazdasági válságokhoz képest is új kihívások elé állítják a gazdasági szereplőket, ami az alternatív útkeresési folyamatok ismételt előtérbe kerüléséhez vezethet. Az előttünk álló ökológiai problémák miatt azonban a járványt követően a korábbi gazdasági mechanizmusok helyreállításán túl a célnak egy az ökológiai lábnyom csökkentését elősegítő gazdasági modell kiépítésének kell lennie. Ebben a tanulmányban a szerzők célja egy újszerű megoldási koncepció elemeinek bemutatása, amely azon a hipotézisen alapul, hogy az intelligens szerződések révén létrehozott digitális közösségi valuta elősegítheti a megosztás valódi gyakorlatát, szemben a jelenleg működő sharing economy platformok profitorientált megközelítésével. (Hungarian) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Vezetéstudomány / Budapest Management Review is the property of Corvinus University of Budapest and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
ABSTRACT
Rapid design and construction of mobile cabin hospitals (MCHs) have become imperative in the COVID-19 response. However, due to unique design specifications (e.g., parallel design and model pre-revision), collaboration in emergency construction projects (ECPs) like MCHs presents data security vulnerabilities, including a lack of traceability and transparency. These hazards invariably reduce design effectiveness, leading to undesirable rework and project delay. Blockchain technology is a potential solution to address the aforementioned security issues in ECPs because it offers immutable and traceable data storage. Nevertheless, directly implementing blockchain in ECPs is impractical, for the blockchain has a complex deployment process and provides limited functions supporting BIM-based design. Therefore, this paper develops a lightweight blockchain-as-a-service (LBaaS) prototype to enhance the ECPs design efficiency by securing and automating information exchange while eliminating the difficulties of deploying and using blockchain. This paper contributes three elements: (1) Security vulnerabilities of design in ECP are identified. Taking an MCH in Hong Kong as an example, this paper investigates its design process and determines two design characteristics and associated security flaws. (2) Key technologies to support easy deployment and usage of blockchain in ECPs are developed. New technical elements, including a Multi-to-One mapping (MtOM) kit for easy blockchain registration, an integrated workflow retaining existing design practices, and smart contracts for secure interaction with blockchain, are developed to support LBaaS functionality. (3) An LBaaS prototype is validated and evaluated. The prototype is illustrated and evaluated using design examples based on actual MCH project data. Results show that the LBaaS is a feasible and secure approach for ECPs collaboration. This paper deepens the understanding of data security issues in ECPs and offers technical guidance in establishing blockchain solutions.
ABSTRACT
Trust is essential in the digital world. It is a critical task to build digital trust for the ongoing digital engineering transformation. Aiming at developing a blockchain-based digital trust mechanism for Cloud Manufacturing or Manufacturing-as-a-Service (MaaS), in this paper, we use the manufacturing of low dead space (LDS) medical syringes through Cloud Manufacturing as a motivating scenario to develop a basic framework. To meet the need of optimally saving COVID-19 vaccine doses to save more lives, the medical device manufacturing community needs to make a swift move to meet the surged need for LDS syringes. Cloud Manufacturing is a form of emerging Digital Manufacturing facilitated with Cloud/Edge Computing, the Internet of Things, and other digital technologies. Cloud manufacturing allows quickly establishing a digital virtual enterprise that pools together various manufacturing resources worldwide to meet the surged needs of products and save cost and time. Trusting the product quality and safety is a significant challenge when using Cloud Manufacturing to manufacture the products. This paper proposes a schema of blockchain-based digital trust mechanisms with examples of using Cloud Manufacturing of medical LDS syringes for the urgent needs of catering COVID-19 vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Integrated Design & Process Science is the property of IOS Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
ABSTRACT
Trust is essential in the digital world. It is a critical task to build digital trust for the ongoing digital engineering transformation. Aiming at developing a blockchain-based digital trust mechanism for Cloud Manufacturing or Manufacturing-as-a-Service (MaaS), in this paper, we use the manufacturing of low dead space (LDS) medical syringes through Cloud Manufacturing as a motivating scenario to develop a basic framework. To meet the need of optimally saving COVID-19 vaccine doses to save more lives, the medical device manufacturing community needs to make a swift move to meet the surged need for LDS syringes. Cloud Manufacturing is a form of emerging Digital Manufacturing facilitated with Cloud/Edge Computing, the Internet of Things, and other digital technologies. Cloud manufacturing allows quickly establishing a digital virtual enterprise that pools together various manufacturing resources worldwide to meet the surged needs of products and save cost and time. Trusting the product quality and safety is a significant challenge when using Cloud Manufacturing to manufacture the products. This paper proposes a schema of blockchain-based digital trust mechanisms with examples of using Cloud Manufacturing of medical LDS syringes for the urgent needs of catering COVID-19 vaccination. © 2023 - The authors. Published by IOS Press.
ABSTRACT
Owing to the spread of COVID-19, the digitalization of various services is rapidly being promoted. In particular, online services such as obtaining a digital certificate (e.g., digital signature) from an authority are becoming increasingly important. Therefore, systems that can autonomously generate digital signatures are urgently required. However, the autonomous generation of signatures is difficult because the secret key for signatures must be strictly managed. Moreover, a decentralized autonomous systems should be publicly verifiable. Thus, schemes that preclude strict control of the secret key are desirable. In this study, we propose a new decentralized scheme that autonomously generates a digital signature without a secret key, using blockchain-based smart contracts. The fundamental concept behind our scheme is to eliminate secret keys by leveraging the closed nature of the processing operations of smart contracts within the blockchain;thus, the process of generating signatures and their output values satisfies the condition of immutability. Finally, we perform a security evaluation and feasibility study of our proposed scheme and show that it works securely on the Ethereum blockchain. © 2023 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
The globalization of the economy, the major disruptions due to the COVID-19 crisis, customer requirements as well as the current context of war, are straining global supply chains, which must demonstrate resilience and constantly seek to improve their performance. Performance. Among the essential approaches to achieve these objectives, collaboration between logistics partners through methods and tools that have proven themselves but also have shown limits, particularly in terms of trust. Blockchain technology, which appeared in 2008, now offers an opportunity to improve collaboration by providing answers to concerns about trust. However, its application is not generalized, indeed a large part of the companies do not apply the technology because of its shared database character because the companies have sensitive and confidential data. After an analysis of the literature to highlight the obstacles to the generalization of the use of the blockchain in the supply chain, a methodology of adoption and application of the Blockchain following eight steps is proposed with an emphasis on the smart contract. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is on-demand research area, generally utilized in most of medical applications. Security is a challenging problem in decentralized platform while handling with medical data or images. An effective deep learning-based blockchain framework with reduced transaction cost is proposed to enhance the security of medical images in IoMT. The proposed study involves four different stages like image acquisition, encryption, optimal key generation, secured storing. The input images initially are collected in the image acquisition stage. Then, the collected medical images are encrypted using coupled map lattice (CML). This encryption process assists to preserve the input medical images from the attackers. In order to provide more confidentiality to the encrypted images, optimal keys are generated using opposition-based sparrow search optimization (O-SSO) algorithm. These encrypted images are stored using distributed ledger technology (DLT) and smart contract based blockchain technology. This blockchain technology enhances the data integrity and authenticity and allows secured transmission of medical images. After decrypting the image, the disease is diagnosed in the classification stage using proposed Recurrent Generative Neural Network (RGNN) model. The proposed study used python tool for simulation analysis and the medical images are gathered from CT images in COVID-19 dataset. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
The covid-19 crisis has severely affected the dynamics of the real estate sector, which is facing various financial and structural problems. The current real estate world is complicated by the lack of transparency in transactions such as rental, purchase, and sale, and it does not reach the level of confidentiality and authenticity of operational data. In addition, real estate financing brings together several players such as banks, notaries, and others, which makes the acquisition of real estate very expensive. With the advent of blockchain technology, many fields such as finance, accounting, and real estate have received a positive impact using the benefits of this technology. This article aims to reorganize real estate into a next-generation digitized system based on blockchain technology, by proposing a crowdfunding model that aims to eliminate intermediate, costs. Moreover, this model can allow to customers, who do not have immediate financing, the possibility of acquiring real estate. We also present the implementation of this model through smart contracts and the blockchain to set up a decentralized platform that ensures the security, traceability, and transparency of transactions. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
In developing countries, funding is a significant obstacle to receiving higher education. Brilliant but needy students cannot complete their studies since their parents are unemployed and their countries' economies are poor. As a result, the students' talents are not harnessed to their full potential. In order to help students obtain higher education and harness their full potential, governments provide student loans to students in higher education. The government provides loans to students through the ministry of education. The students pay back the loan with interest when they start working. Governments have been the sole funders of student loans. The emergence of COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine war have resulted in a global economic crisis. Because of the global economic crisis, the government's spending has increased. In order to help reduce the burden of government and thereby reduce spending, we intend to revolutionize the student loan program through blockchain and crowdsourcing. This work presents a blockchain-based crowdsourcing decentralized loan platform where investors will be brought on board to provide funds for students in higher education. The platform will allow students to apply for loans from investors through registered financial institutions. The students will pay back the loans with interest when they enter the workforce. The proposed platform will allow students to fund their education, investors will get interest on the money they invest, and governments can channel the money they put into student loan programs into other avenues. We perform a thorough security analysis and back the efficiency of our work with numerical results. © 2013 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Due to the covid-19 pandemic, people have moved toward digitization and using digital technologies in their daily life. For instance, photographers and artists use social media platforms or stock photo websites to showcase their art to people to get recognition and credit. Since social media platforms attract people more than stock photo websites, we consider incorporating the stock photo website features into the social media platforms. Currently, such platforms are running in a centralized fashion where their proprietary algorithms mask most of the content to which some users and advertisement posts are given more priority. Due to the centralization, such hidden algorithms create trust issues among the users along with other issues such as single point of failure, identity theft, etc. This causes genuine artists and photographers to lose their interest and motivation. Providing due credit to the authors and deserved recognition are significant concerns for photographers who share images on stock photo websites or social media platforms. In this paper, we propose a decentralized image-sharing platform/application utilizing blockchain and a distributed file storage system to address all these issues. The proposed platform leverages Ethereum-based smart contracts to maintain trust as deployed smart contracts are immutable, and the logic written in them is publicly available. We leverage a distributed file storage system to solve the blockchain scalability issue in terms of storage. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes and emphasizes the requirement of an Blockchain based smart contract for NGO's and startup crowdfunding in the present circumstances. It also highlights the need of an online financial system for indigenous NGO's and seed fund utilization of startups. Conventionally, most charity organizations make use of hard cash for settling its transactions making the process less transparent. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, financial system has been largely affected. In this case an online financial transaction cum procurement portal would be crucial for the candidates applying relief in remote locations. The system analyses their eligibility based on their Curriculum Vitae (CV). Proposed system uses Ethereum based smart contract and Truffle Box to build a complete Dapp (decentralized application). Authors have used MetaMask Extension as a cryptocurrency wallet and Ganache blockchain to develop, deploy and test the decentralized application. © 2022 IEEE.
ABSTRACT
Traditionally, food sustainability has been considered solely in the stage of agricultural production. However, globalization, the expansion of the food production industry, and the emergence of supermarket chains that control the retail food market require specific significant changes in supply chains in the food sector and, therefore, we need to address the economic, social, and environmental impacts of these events. On the other hand, social selling has increased rapidly in recent years, with a further boom, following current events related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This explosion of social sales, where there are usually no control and regulation entities, can bring problems associated with mishandling items. In this paper, we expose how Blockchain technology supports the traceability of social sales by validating the data provided by the chain participants such as digital health passports, production and transport data in the sale process;the proposed solution generates recommendations on productmanagement considering the agreements previously made by the network actors. To evaluate the proposed smart contracts, we useHyperledger Caliper, obtaining an average throughput of 12.6 transactions per second and an average latency of 0.3 s for the asset update process. We also use a study case to evaluate the proposed project platform's selling-transport stage using Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. © 2023 Tech Science Press. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 pandemic has enforced the launch of vaccination campaigns worldwide. Along with it, it is equally important to guarantee that the supply chain of vaccination is accessible to all stakeholders. In this research, we look at how the COVID-19 vaccination program can aid in a variety of ways. We propose a system that ensures data integrity and efficient vaccination for beneficiaries. To guarantee, the registration is done on a first-come-first-served basis, eliminating identity theft and other forms of impersonation. Our proposed system vaccination supply chain management (VSCM) uses the Blockchain technology, where smart contracts are developed to monitor and trace the distribution supply. The technique asserts safe shipping and handling of vaccinations. Also we focus on reviving the importance of existing frameworks in supply chain management systems, its wide range of applications and the challenges faced. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
ABSTRACT
The outbreak of COVID-19 has exposed the privacy of positive patients to the public, which will lead to violations of users' rights and even threaten their lives. A privacy-preserving scheme involving virus-infected positive patients is proposed by us. The traditional ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) has the features of enhanced plaintext security and fine-grained access control. However, the encryption process requires the high computational performance of the device, which puts a high strain on resource-limited devices. After semi-honest users successfully decrypt the data, they will get the real private data, which will cause serious privacy leakage problems. Traditional cloud-based data management architectures are extremely vulnerable in the face of various cyberattacks. To address the above challenges, a verifiable ABE scheme based on blockchain and local differential privacy is proposed, using LDP to perturb the original data locally to a certain extent to resist collusion attacks, outsourcing encryption and decryption to corresponding service providers to reduce the pressure on mobile terminals, and deploying smart contracts in combination with blockchain for fair execution by all parties to solve the problem of returning wrong search results in a semi-honest cloud server. Detailed security proofs are performed through the defined security goals, which shows that the proposed scheme is indeed privacy-protective. The experimental results show that the scheme is optimized in terms of data accuracy, computational overhead, storage performance, and fairness. In terms of efficiency, it greatly reduces the local load, enhances personal privacy protection, and has high practicality as well as reliability. As far as we know, it is the first case of applying the combination of LDP technology and blockchain to a tracing system, which not only mitigates poisoning attacks on user data, but also improves the accuracy of the data, thus making it easier to identify infected contacts and making a useful contribution to health prevention and control efforts. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
ABSTRACT
Modular construction has been implemented to achieve shorter project duration, lower cost, and higher productivity for construction projects. This option is especially helpful to reduce on-site activities and interaction under and after COVID impact. However, additional planning and support in engineering, procurement, and delivery are required to facilitate modular construction. Unreliable prefabrication and delivery can deteriorate subsequent activity productivity and overall project performance. This research aims to develop an automatic incentive—penalty enforcement system for modular construction based on the situation awareness of delivery tracking. The research selected a high-rise residential project in Singapore as a case study. The project used modular construction for making and installing 120 Prefabricated Bathroom Units. Based on the empirical data of delivery, on-site lifting, and installation, we built STROBOSCOPE simulation models to understand the impact on productivity and schedule from five scenarios at various delivery reliability levels of the Prefabricated Bathroom Units. Smart Contract rules were developed based on the impact. A Blockchain platform was established so that once a real-time delivery is identified and the information is entered into the Smart Contract, the associated incentive or penalty can be triggered instantly. The Smart Contract based incentive—penalty enforcement system will be beneficial for construction projects to monitor and track modular delivery, motivate reliable supply, reduce payment disputes, and improve productivity. © 2023, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering.